Grammer

Grammer study.

Contents：

• 五大基本概念
• 五大基本句型
• 并列句的起源与本质
• 名词性从句的起源于本质
• 形容词性从句（定语从句）的起源于本质
• 副词型从句（状语从句）的起源于本质
• 长难句必杀技一 ———— “左二右六原则”
• 长难句必杀技二 ———— “悬挂结构”
• 四大特殊句型：强调句；倒装句；虚拟语气；独立主格
• 时态轴 ———— 英语时态的秘密

五大基本概念

1. 主语 放在谓语动词之前的成分就叫做主语。

2. 谓语 谓语就是动词，动词主要分为实意动词和系动词

1. 实意动词：具备实际动作意义
2. 系动词
    1. be动词包含：is am are was were
    2. 和be功能一样的动词
3. 助动词包含：be、has、hava、had、do、did（时态语态相关）
4. 情态动词包含：can、may、must、should、would

```text
例句：
1. I love you.
2. To see is to believe.
3. The flower smells great.
4. Being able to love you is the happest thing in this world.
```

3. 宾语 放在实意动词之后的成分就叫做宾语。

4. 表语 放在系动词之后的成分就叫做表语。

5. 宾补 补充说明宾语的成分就叫做宾补。

   1. I find you beautiful.
   2. I consider him a liar.
   3. I hear her signing.
   

   Tip：

   如果宾语和宾语之后的成分加be动词后能够构成一个逻辑完整的句子，则宾语之后的成分为宾补。

   思维导图：

   graph LR; 主语+谓语 --> 实意动词; 主语+谓语 --> 系动词; 实意动词 --> 宾语; 系动词 --> 表语; 宾语 --> 宾补;

五大基本句型

1. 主语 + 谓语

   e.g. I arrived / The rain stopped.

2. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语

   e.g. I love you.

3. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语

   e.g. My mum bought me a drink.

4. 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾补

   e.g. I find you beautiful.

5. 主语 + 系动词 + 表语

   e.g. I am good.

Tip:

1.五大基本句型是万万句之源

2.一个句子的主干有且仅有一个谓语动词

补充定义

定语和状语

1. 状语

   除去五大基本概念和形容词（定语）剩下的部分就是状语。

   教科书定义：说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等的句子叫做状语。

   Tip:

   介词短语几乎都是状语

2. 定语 形容词

例句1

1. 主+谓

   • He cried.
   • The bus stopped.
   • It is raining now. （时间状语）
   • We have worked for 5 days. （时间状语）
   • Dark clouds hung overhead. （方向状语）
   • Gradually a smile appreared on her face. (伴随和地点状语)
   • He is smiling all over his face. (地点方位状语)
   • I did well in English. (程度状语)
   • He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (多状语)

2. 主+谓+宾

   • I love you.
   • People all over the world speak English. (范围状语)
   • He did not know what to say. (what to say 作宾语)
   • He practive speaking English every day.
   • He is having dinner at home now.

3. 主+谓+宾+宾

   • He lent me some money.
   • She orderd herself a new dress.
   • She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
   • I showed him my pictures.
   • He showed me how to run the machine.

4. 主+谓+宾+宾补

   • he asked me to lend him some money. （“be + to do” 表示将来时结构作宾补）
   • Our teacher encourages us to do more reading.
   • I heard someone calling for help. (“doding” 结构作宾补)
   • We saw her entering the room.
   • His father named him Dongming.
   • Let the fresh air in.
   • We saw him out.
   • He kept his hands behind his back.
   • I want your homework done on time.
   • I’ll have my bike repaired. (“have + sth. done”)
   • I’ll have my hair cut.
   • They painted their boat white.

5. 主+系+表

   • His advice proved right.
   • The shop stays open till 8 o’clock.
   • The mechine went wrong.
   • All these efforts seem in vain.
   • The room soon became crowded.
   • The days are getting longer and longer.
   • He fell ill yesterday.
   • Trees turn green i spring.
   • What you said sounds great.
   • He tasted the food, and the food tasted delicious.
   • The book sill lies open on the desk.

并列句的起源与本质

简单句 + 并列连词 + 简单句.

You are nice but i don’t love you.

名词性定语从句的起源与本质

一个句子做了名词的功能就叫做名词性从句。

规则

1. 变化规则：that + 陈述句 = 名词

   That Yaoming is tall is a fact.

   graph LR; 名词性从句 -- 陈述句 --> 主语从句; 主语从句 --> A(That Yaoming is tall is a fact.); 名词性从句 -- 陈述句 --> 宾语从句; 宾语从句 --> B["We know (that) Yaiming is tall."]; 名词性从句 -- 陈述句 --> 表语从句; 表语从句 --> C(My option is that Yaoming is tall.); 名词性从句 -- 陈述句 --> 同位语从句; 同位语从句 --> D(The option that Yaoming is tall is right.);

2. 变化规则：if/whether + 一般疑问句的陈述语序 = 名词

   一般疑问句：Will you come to Bejing tomorrow?

   graph LR; 名词性从句 -- 一般疑问句 --> 主语从句; 主语从句 --> 1.你明天是否来北京对我来说很重要.; 主语从句 --> A(Whether you will come to Bejing tomorrow is impotant to me.); 名词性从句 -- 一般疑问句 --> 宾语从句; 宾语从句 --> 2.我想知道你明天是否来北京.; 宾语从句 --> B(I want to know if/whether you will come to Bejing tomorrow.); 名词性从句 -- 一般疑问句 --> 表语从句; 表语从句 --> 3.我的问题是你明天是否来北京.; 表语从句 --> C(My question is whther you will come to Bejing tomorrow.); 名词性从句 -- 一般疑问句 --> 同位语从句; 同位语从句 --> 4.你明天是否来北京这个问题让我很烦心.; 同位语从句 --> D(The question whether you will come to Bejing tomorrow bothers me.);

3. 变化规则：陈述语序的特殊疑问句 = 名词

   特殊疑问句：Why are you so clever.

   graph LR; 名词性从句 -- 特殊疑问句 --> 主语从句; 主语从句 --> 1.你为什么这么聪明是一个谜.; 主语从句 --> A(Why you are so clever is a mystery.); 名词性从句 -- 特殊疑问句 --> 宾语从句; 宾语从句 --> 2.我们不知道你为什么这么聪明.; 宾语从句 --> B(We don't know why you are so clever.'); 名词性从句 -- 特殊疑问句 --> 表语从句; 表语从句 --> 3.我的问题是你为什么这么聪明.; 表语从句 --> C(My question is why you are so clever.); 名词性从句 -- 特殊疑问句 --> 同位语从句; 同位语从句 --> 4.你为什么这么聪明这个问题让我感兴趣.; 同位语从句 --> D(The question why you are so clever interest.);

4. 特殊疑问词

   graph LR; 特殊疑问词 --> 人-2; 特殊疑问词 --> 物-2; 特殊疑问词 --> 特殊-3; 特殊疑问词 --> How-1; 人-2 --> Who; 人-2 --> Whose; 物-2 --> Which; 物-2 --> What; 特殊-3 --> When; 特殊-3 --> Where; 特殊-3 --> Why; How-1 --> How;

Tips:

1. 在句子中遇到“抽象名词”时，应条件反射地想到后面可能跟了同位语从句，常跟同位语从句的抽象名词有：
   belief(信念)、fact(事实)、idea(主意)、problem(问题)、information(消息)、conclusion(结论)、decision(决定)、news(新闻)、thought(想法)、explanation(解释)等

2. 当同位语从句充当主语过长时，同位语从句和它所修饰的名词常常隔开（避免头重脚轻，比如It’s a fact that…）。
   An idea came to her that she cloud solve the problem in another way.
   她想到她可以用另一种方法解决问题。

例句2

1. 五大基本句型

   • What he does is important. ———— [主语从句 + (主+系+表)结构]
   • I don’t like what he does every day. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • This is what he does every day. ———— [表语从句 + (主+系+表)结构]
   • I don’t know the fact that he is a teacher. ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • I wonder(=want to know) who will teach us. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • Mr. Wang asked whose book that was. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • The news that we won the game is exciting. ———— [同位语从句 + (主+系+表)结构]
   • You can do what you think is right. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构] 隐含一个定语从句
   • Whoever smokes here will be punished. ———— [主语从句 + (主+谓)结构]
   • Whatever you say is of no use now. ———— [主语从句 + (主+系+表)结构]
   • You can take whatever you like. ———— [主语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • Whatever he likes will be given to him. ———— [主语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • Lily wanted to know if her grandma liked the handbag. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • It all depends on whether she likes the boss or not. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • None of us knows where these new parts can be bought. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • I have heard that he will come tomorrow. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • His brother asks when he will go to the library. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • I don’t know what he wants to buy. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • Can you tell me who we are going to meet？ ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾语)结构]
   • Could you tell us which gate we have to go to? ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]
   • Could you please tell me how you use the new panel? ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]
   • Could you tell us how much it costs to fly to Hainan? ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]
   • Could you tell us how often you go abroad for a holiday? ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]
   • Could you tell us how long the meeting will last? ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]
   • I don’t know how far it is to the cinema. ———— [宾语从句 + (主+谓+宾)结构]
   • Please tell us how many students there are in your school. ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]
   • Can you tell us how old his brother is? ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]
   • Please tell us how soon you will be ready. ———— [同位语从句 + (主+谓+宾+宾)结构]

现有语法结构体系无法解释句型

表达人的心情时常常用的句型的主干我们是比较难理解的，这一类句子当做固定句型记忆即可。e.g.

1. I’m afraid (that) he won’t pass the exam.
2. We are sure that he will be successful soon.
3. I’m glad that you come to see me.

形容词性从句（定语从句）的起源于本质

一个句子做了形容词的功能就叫做形容词性从句。

I like that beautiful girl who can speak good English.

• 先行词:girl
• 关系词:who

从句连词：who、whom、whose、that、which、as、when、where、why.

Tips:

1. as不可指代具体的某个词，一般指某事件，其引导的定语从句可以至于句首（其他定语从句不可以），也可以至于句末。as在定语从句中通常翻译为正如。

   e.g. A is planned, we got there before eight. (正如计划，我们在八点之前到那了。)
   The won the game, as we had expected. (他们赢得了比赛，正如我们预料的那样。)

2. 固定搭配:
   such/so…as…
   the same…as…
   reason + why

   e.g. He is not such a fool as he looks. (他并没有看上去那么傻。)

3. that不出现在包含逗号,的定语从句中；也不和介词搭配使用。

4. 逗号,出现的定语从句通常翻译为两句话。
   4.1. I like the girl who is beautiful. (我喜欢这个漂亮的女孩)
   4.2. I like the girl, who is beautiful. (我喜欢这个女孩，因为她漂亮)

5. that既可以指代人，也可以指代物。通常that可以与who、whom和which互换。

6. 关系副词when、where、why使用规则，右边必须紧跟指代时间、地点和reason，右边必须接一个完整的句子（符合五大基本句型且意义完备的句子）。

7. 当way和time做定语从句的先行词时，关系代词常常省略。
   7.1. I don’t like the way (that/in which) he treated me.
   7.2. The way (that/in which) he explained to us is quite simple.
   7.3. This is the time (that) i come here.
   7.4. This is the last time (that) i shall give you a lesson.

限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

1. 限制性定语从句

   She despised people who flattered her. (她看不起那些吹捧她的人)

   定语从句“who flattered her”起到了限制先行名词的作用（即缩小名词的表示范围），归类为限制性定语从句。

2. 非限制性定语从句

   在某些场景下，先行词的指向已经是唯一的了，此时就无法再缩小这个先行词的表示范围了。所以非限制性定语从句的作用不直接修饰先行词，只为先行词提供一些补充的信息。

   I made a card for mom, who loves me most.

   所谓的非限制性定语从句，就是用逗号,将定语从句与先行词隔开。

例句3

• I like climbing mountains, which is good for my health.
• This is the room, in which i spent my whole childhood.
• The man who/that is speaking at the meeting is a worker.
• These are the trees that/which were planted last year.
• The woman whom they wanted to visit is a teacher.
• I know the girl whose mother is a teacher.
• I have a friend who/that likes listening to classical music.
• The speed at which you drive your car mustn’t be too high.
• The man to whom i talked is Mr. Li.
• I don’t like the way in which you speak to her.
• Is this the library from which you borrow books?
• The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.
• He is such a nice person as is popular.
• It is such a beautiful picture as attracted many people.
• As you’ve pointed out, he proves to be the best student here.
• As we all know, the earth is round.
• I’ll never forget the days which/that we spent together.
• I’ll never forget the day when i joined the league.
• This is the house where i lived two years ago.
• Do you know the reason why she was late?

副词型从句（状语从句）的起源于本质

一个句子做了副词的功能就叫做副词性从句。

I love you as a mouse loves rice.

完整句子1 + 连词 + 完整句子2
其中（连词 + 完整句子2）为状语从句/副词性从句

副词

定义：那些修饰动词、形容词和整个句子的可有可无的成分叫做副词。

• I love you deeply.
• You are beautiful enough.
• I have breakfast every day.

Tips:

1. 副词就是状语，状语就是副词。
2. 那些修饰动词、形容词和整个句子的可有可无的成分叫做副词，也叫做状语。
3. 除去五大基本概念和定语后剩下的成分就是副词，就是状语。
4. 说明时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等。

例句4

• The boy needs a pen very much. (程度)
• The boy really needs a pen. (程度)
• He went there yesterday. (地点+时间)
• It suddenly rained. (方式)
• I often read English loudly in the morning. (频率+程度+时间)
• I seldom go to the movies. (频率)
• We have worked for 5 days. (时间)
• Dark clouds hung overhead. (地点)
• Gradually a smile appeared on her face. (方式+地点)
• He is smiling all over his face. (地点)
• I did well in English. (程度+地点)
• He talked loudly in the classroom yesterday. (程度+地点+时间)
• People all over the world speak English. (地点)
• He is having dinner at home now. (地点+时间)

副词性从句

例句5

• While/When/As John was watching TV, his wife was cooking.
• You’d better think twice before you make your decision.
• It is a month since i met him last time.
• It has been five years since i taught English.
• I found the world was amazing after i wnet abroad.
• I waited until he came.
• I didn’t have a boyfriend until i was 17 years old.
• Whenever a visitor comes into a house, he is served with a cup of tea.
• Each time i went there i saw him working.
• Every time i listened to your advice i got into trouble.
• By the time he was taken to the hospital he was almost dead.
• Next time you come to class, please remember to take your notes.
• The first time i saw you i fell in love with you.
• He didn’t tell me the news the last time i saw him.
• People check messages as soon as we wake up.
• The children ran away from the garden the moment they saw the guard.
• I want to see him the minute he arrives.
• Once he arrives we can start.
• Hardly had he reached the school gate when the bell rang.
• I had o sooner arrived home than it began to rain.
• Generally, air will be heavily polluted where there are factories.
• Wherever you go, you should work hard.
• Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.
• My friends dislike me because i’m handsome and successful.
• Now that everybody has come, let’s begin our conference.
• The higher income tax is harmful in taht it may discourage people from trying to earn more.
• The teacher uses simple examples so that his students could understand him.
• He got up so early that he caught the first bus.
• It’s such a good change that we must not miss it.
• We’ll start our project if the president agrees.
• You will certainly succeed as long as you keep on trying.
• The old man always enjoys swimming even though the weather is bad.
• No matter how hard he tried, she could not change her mind.
• He won’t listen whatever you may say. => He won’t listen no matter what you may say.
• I will support you whichever you choose. => I will support you no matter which you choose.

Tips:

时间状语从句尤为常见。

1. 常见的时间状语连词： when/while/as/before/after/since/till/untill
2. “一…就…“系列: as soon as/the moment/the second/the minute/once/hardly…when…/no sooner…than…
3. Time系列: every time/each time/next time/the last time/the first time/by the time.

长难句必杀技一 ———— “左二右六原则”

左二右六原则.

限定词

语法：限定词是指在名词词组中对中心名词起特指，类指及表示确定数量和非确定数量作用的词表。

限定词分类：

1. 冠词：a, an, the
2. 形容词性代词：my, your, his, her, its, their
3. 量词：a number of, plenty of, some …

例句6

简单句型：The beautiful girl is Angelababy.

• The beautiful girl to get married is Angelababy. (不定式)
• The beautiful girl wearing sunglasses is Angelababy. (现在分词)
• The beautiful girl hugged by HXM is Angelababy. (过去分词)
• The beautiful girl in blue jeans is Angelababy. (介词短语)
• The beautiful girl who is the leading actress in running man is Angelababy. (定语从句)
• The beautiful girl slim enough is Angelababy. (形容词短语)
• The question whether the beautiful girl is Angelababy has an answer. (同位语从句)
• I have many letters to write. (不定式)
• The letter to be written is to my father. (不定式)
• We have made a plan to learn from Lei Feng. (不定式)
• He made a promise to come here on time tomorrow. (不定式)
• We got the order to leave the city. (不定式)
• The dog lying on the ground is mine. (现在分词)
• People exercising every day live longer. (现在分词)
• They built a road leading into the mountains. (现在分词)
• We met a group of pupils returning from school. (现在分词)
• Surely, someone passing by would see it. (现在分词)
• This is a film directed by Feng Xiaogang. (过去分词)
• What is the language spoken in Spain? (过去分词)
• People got water by dropping a bucket tied to a rope. (过去分词)
• The reading time spent on them is getting longer. (过去分词)
• He told me to watch the circles created by the stone. (过去分词)
• The bird on the tree flied away. (介词短语)
• The road to the school is not wide. (介词短语)
• The basic idea behind the festival remains the same. (介词短语)
• We know China is a country with a large population. (介词短语)
• Questions about the competition can be emailed to 51@qq.com. (介词短语)
• Italian is a language very difficult to learn. (形容词短语：形容词+to do.)
• He looked at her eyes full of tears. (形容词短语)
• I know the actor suitable for the role. (形容词短语)
• I know it is a city famous for kites. (形容词短语)
• I know now that i am not the only one uncertain about future sutuies. (形容词短语)
• The fact that she didn't like me really hurts me. (同位语从句)
• The general gave the order that the soldiers should cross the river at once. (同位语从句)
• I received the message that he won't be able to see me tomorrow. (同位语从句)
• The suggestion that he plan should be delayed will be discussed tomorrow. (同位语从句)
• The news that our team has won the game is true. (同位语从句)
• They expressed the hope that they would come to visit Bejing again. (同位语从句)
• Many British parents hold the view that teenagers shouldn't spend too much time online. (同位语从句)
• We’ll discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time. (同位语从句)
• In the video, young people from 20 countries along the Belt and Road(一带一路) routes were asked to name great inventions that had influenced their lives in China.
• People’s knowledge and ideas about Scotsmen wearing these funny kilts come from films and television.
• This book can give you the answers to the questions most often asked by parents, teachers and students themselves.

长难句必杀技二 ———— “悬挂结构”

规则：主+谓+宾，悬挂X 或者 悬挂X，主+谓+宾，悬挂结构其实伴随状语

1. n. + svo

   • The Summer Palace, the park is beautiful.
   • I like the Great Wall, one of the eight wonders in the world.

   名词悬挂结构就近解释

2. adj. + svo

   • Mindful of the danger, we stopped climbing.
   • Beautiful as Fan Bingbing, the girl is the most welcomed one in her school.

   形容词悬挂结构一定和主句主语有关

3. to do + svo

   • To become beautiful, Vic is losing weight.
   • To improve English, i choose to learn from Allen.

   to do悬挂结构一定和主句主语有关

4. doing + svo

   • Standing on the top of the mounntain, i saw the whole Beijing.
   • He sat under the tree, reading a book.
   • The song is sung all over the country, making it the most popular song.
   • When doing homework, i felt sleepy.
   • When crossing the bridge, i saw Wu Yanzu.
   • By learning the cooking skill, she can cook now.
   • By studying English from Allen, i improved it.

   doing悬挂结构通常和主句主语有关；当主语解释不通时，则用主句整句话来解释

5. done + svo

   • Built in 1979, our school is an old school.
   • He entered the room, followed by his dog.

   done悬挂结构一定和主句主语有关

6. Having done + svo

   • Having handed in the paper, he left the room.
   • Having been given a map, we found our way easily.

   Having done悬挂结构一定和主句主语有关

例句7

• She sent Henry, the eldest son, to school.
• I’m He Wei, an exchange student from China.
• Lin Tao, a 14-year-old schoolboy, still didn’t show up at school.
• Recently The Reader, a very popular TV program, is staged in the form of reading.
• C919 is developed by COMAC, a Chinese aircraft company.
• In this video, the little girl wore a qipao, a kind of of traditional Chinese dress.
• Tong Xiaojun, a director from a university, told CCTV “we need support from the whole society to solve the problems.”
• Lucy is on her way to Harvard, one of the eight world-famous university in the eastern US.
• I went home, tired and exhausted.
• I play tennis with my best friend, happy and excited.
• Confident of the victory, the players are fighting hard.
• To deal with this problem, the Chinese government worked out a fraft regulation in January this year.
• To continue the production, the company plants more bamboo than it cuts.
• Having the will, he always found the way.
• Feeling sorry for the chrysalis(蛹), the man decides to help.
• He also weites articles, hoping that more people will join in protecting natural ecosystems.
• The helmet(头盔) can be folded almost completely flat, making it easier to carry.
• He worked as a border keeper while keeping some sheep to support his family.
• She swept floors and picked up trash again in the afternoon, before diving(跳水) into her studies in the evenings.
• After saying that, the student threw the potato away.
• The water taxi can run for a day, after being recharged(充电).
• By making bamboo bikes, the company offers jobs to the local people.
• By calming down and going slowly, you give your brain a chance to think about what it has already received.
• He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.
• The film star got off the train, surrounded by her fans.
• The old woman walked slowly to the lift, assisted by her son.
• The president went into the lobby, accompanied by the high officials and reporters.
• Having worked hard all day, i went to bed early.
• Having experienced quite a few earthquakes, i didn’t take much notice.
• Having lost all my old friends, i felt lonely at the new school.
• Having succeeded in exam, he became more confident.

四大特殊句型：强调句；倒装句；虚拟语气；独立主格

时态轴 ———— 英语时态的秘密